ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
¾ÛÆæËþ ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

Íи£ÔĶÁ1000´Ê-µÚ48²¿·Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



óÊÓÆäÖÐÓÐÀûµÄÒòËØ¡£
ͬÒå¡¡assess£»¡¡estimate£¨v¡£¡¡ÆÀ¼Û£»¹À¼Æ£©
Òªµã¡¡evaluateºÍestimateÔÚÔĶÁÎÄÕÂÖг£³£¿ÉÒÔÌæ»»Ê¹Ó㬶¼ÓÃÀ´±í´ï¡°¹À¼Æ¡±µÄº¬Òå¡£
evenly£Û'i£ºvnli£Ýad¡£¡¡Æ½Ì¹µØ£»¾ùÔȵأ»Îȶ¨µØ
Àý¾ä¡¡The¡¡impact¡¡of¡¡the¡¡army¡¡on¡¡the¡¡civilian¡¡population¡¡starts¡¡from¡¡the¡¡realization¡¡that¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡were¡¡always¡¡evenly¡¡distributed¡¡across¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡¾ü¶Ó¶ÔƽÃñµÄÓ°ÏìÊÇ´ÓÒâʶµ½Ê¿±ø¾­³£¾ùºâµØ·Ö²¼ÔÚÈ«¹ú¸÷´¦¿ªÊ¼µÄ¡£
excess£Û'ekses£Ýa¡£¡¡¹ýÁ¿µÄ£»¶îÍâµÄ£Ûik'ses£Ýn¡£¡¡³¬¹ý
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡The¡¡excess¡¡cash¡¡rapidly¡¡stimulated¡¡a¡¡thriving¡¡economy¡¡outside¡¡fort¡¡gates¡£¡¡ÕâЩ¶àÓàµÄÏÖ½ðѸËٴ̼¤ÁËÒªÈûÖ®ÍâµÄ¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹¡£
2¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡dry¡¡periods£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡mon¡¡phenomenon¡¡along¡¡the¡¡desert¡¡margins£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡pressure¡¡on¡¡the¡¡land¡¡is¡¡often¡¡far¡¡in¡¡excess¡¡of¡¡its¡¡diminished¡¡capacity£»¡¡desertification¡¡forms¡£¡¡Ôڸɺµ¼¾½Ú£¬ÕâÊÇɳĮ±ßÔµµØ´ø³£¼ûµÄÏÖÏó£»ÍÁµØµÄ¸Éºµ³Ì¶È³¬³öÁËÆä¿É³ÐÊܵķ¶Î§£¬Õâ¾Íµ¼Ö»ÄÄ®»¯µÄÐγɡ£
3¡£¡¡Excess¡¡water¡¡from¡¡irrigation¡¡sinking¡¡down¡¡into¡¡the¡¡water¡¡table¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡desertification¡£¡¡¹ý¶à¹à¸ÈÓÃË®ÉøÍ¸µ½µØÏÂˮλ֮ÏÂÊǵ¼ÖÂɳĮ»¯µÄÔ­ÒòÖ®Ò»¡£
excessive£Ûik'sesiv£Ýa¡£¡¡¹ý·ÖµÄ£»¼«¶ÈµÄ£»¹ý¶àµÄ
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡Excessive¡¡numbers¡¡of¡¡cattle¡¡and¡¡the¡¡need¡¡for¡¡firewood¡¡for¡¡fuel¡¡have¡¡made¡¡grasses¡¡and¡¡trees¡¡reduced£»¡¡leaving¡¡the¡¡land¡¡unprotected¡¡and¡¡vulnerable¡£¡¡ÊýÁ¿¹ý¶àµÄÉüÐóºÍ¶ÔÓÃ×÷ȼÁϵÄľ²ñµÄÐèÇóʹµÃ²Ýľ¼õÉÙ£¬Ê¹ÍÁµØÊ§È¥±£»¤£¬±äµÃ´àÈõ¡£
2¡£¡¡In¡¡studies£»¡¡pacifiers¡¡are¡¡monly¡¡used¡¡to¡¡calm¡¡an¡¡infant¡¡who¡¡has¡¡suffered¡¡excessive¡¡stimuli¡£¡¡ÔÚÑо¿ÖУ¬°²Î¿ÄÌ×ìͨ³£ÓÃÓÚ°²¸§Êܵ½¹ý¶È´Ì¼¤µÄÓ¤¶ù¡£
3¡£¡¡Reduction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vegetation¡¡cover¡¡and¡¡the¡¡trampling¡¡and¡¡pulverization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡are¡¡the¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡an¡¡excessive¡¡number¡¡of¡¡livestock¡¡grazing¡¡in¡¡an¡¡area¡£¡¡¹ý¶È·ÅÄÁµ¼ÖÂÁËÖ²±»¼õÉÙ£¬ÍÁµØÔâµ½¼ṳ̀£¬²¢±»×îÖÕ³¹µ×´Ý»Ù¡£
explanation£Û£¿ekspl£¿'nei£¿n£Ýn¡£¡¡½âÊÍ£¬ËµÃ÷
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡Dissatisfaction¡¡with¡¡conventional¡¡explanations¡¡for¡¡dinosaur¡¡extinctions¡¡led¡¡to¡¡a¡¡surprising¡¡observation¡¡that¡¡has¡¡suggested¡¡a¡¡new¡¡hypothesis¡¡in¡¡turn¡£¡¡¶Ô¿ÖÁúÃð¾øµÄ´«Í³½âÊ͵IJ»ÂúÒâʹÈËÃÇÓÐÁ˾ªÈ˵ķ¢ÏÖ£¬¶øÕâ·´¶ø°µÊ¾ÁËÒ»¸öмÙ˵µÄµ®Éú¡£
2¡£¡¡The¡¡likely¡¡explanation¡¡is¡¡that¡¡in¡¡an¡¡area¡¡of¡¡underground¡¡freshwater¡¡underlies¡¡the¡¡island£»¡¡but¡¡surface¡¡elevation¡¡increases¡¡from¡¡north¡¡to¡¡south£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡as¡¡one¡¡moves¡¡south¡¡the¡¡land¡¡surface¡¡lies¡¡increasingly¡¡higher¡¡above¡¡the¡¡water¡¡table¡£¡¡¿ÉÄܵĽâÊÍÊÇ£ºÔÚÒ»¸öµØÏµ­Ë®Î»ÓÚµºÓì֮ϣ¬µ«Æä±íÃæ¸ß¶ÈÈ´´Ó±±µ½ÄÏÖð½¥Ôö¼ÓµÄµØÇø£¬Èç¹ûÒ»Ö±ÍùÄÏ×ߣ¬¾Í»á·¢ÏֵرíÖ𽥸߹ýˮλ¡£
explicit£Ûik'splisit£Ýa¡£¡¡Çå³þµÄ£»Ö±Âʵģ»Ö±ÑÔµÄ
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡The¡¡brain's¡¡level¡¡of¡¡physiological¡¡maturation¡¡may¡¡help¡¡these¡¡types¡¡of¡¡memories£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡ones¡¡that¡¡require¡¡explicit¡¡verbal¡¡descriptions¡£¡¡´óÄÔ·¢ÓýµÄ³ÉÊì³Ì¶È¿ÉÄÜÓÐÖúÓÚÕ⼸ÖÖÐÎʽµÄ¼ÇÒ䣬µ«ÕâЩ¼ÇÒä¶¼²»ÐèÒªÇå³þµÄÑÔÓïÃèÊö¡£
2¡£¡¡paring¡¡the¡¡paintings¡¡found¡¡in¡¡Spain£»¡¡South¡¡Africa£»¡¡and¡¡Australia£»¡¡some¡¡researchers¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡the¡¡paintings¡¡found¡¡in¡¡France¡¡provide¡¡more¡¡explicit¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡their¡¡symbolic¡¡significance¡£¡¡Ò»Ð©Ñо¿ÕßÈÏΪ£¬Óë·¢ÏÖÓÚÎ÷°àÑÀ¡¢ÄϷǺͰĴóÀûÑǵÄÓÍ»­Ïà±È£¬ÔÚ·¨¹ú·¢ÏÖµÄÓÍ»­¾ßÓиüΪÃ÷ÏÔµÄÏóÕ÷ÒâÒå¡£
favorable£Û'feiv£¿r£¿bl£Ýa¡£¡¡Ô޳ɵģ¬Í¬ÒâµÄ£»ÓÐÀûµÄ
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡A¡¡cooling¡¡climate¡¡led¡¡many¡¡people¡¡to¡¡leave¡¡the¡¡cold¡¡areas¡¡and¡¡crowd¡¡into¡¡climatically¡¡more¡¡favorable¡¡areas¡£¡¡º®ÀäµÄÆøºòÖÂʹºÜ¶àÈËÀ뿪º®ÀäµØÇøÒÆ¾Óµ½»·¾³¸ü¼ÓÊæÊʵĵط½¡£
2¡£¡¡Taking¡¡into¡¡account¡¡the¡¡changing¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡light£»¡¡some¡¡species¡¡perform¡¡their¡¡visual¡¡displays¡¡only¡¡when¡¡the¡¡light¡¡is¡¡favorable¡£¡¡¿¼Âǵ½¹âÏßÌõ¼þµÄ±ä»¯£¬Ò»Ð©ÎïÖÖÖ»ÓÐÔÚ¹âÏߺõÄʱºò£¬ÊÓÁ¦²Å±È½ÏºÃ¡£
3¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡tropics£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡more¡¡favorable¡¡to¡¡live¡¡in¡¡the¡¡valleys¡¡because¡¡they¡¡are¡¡less¡¡prone¡¡to¡¡dry¡¡out¡¡and¡¡have¡¡less¡¡frost£»¡¡and¡¡deeper¡¡soils¡£¡¡ÔÚÈÈ´ø£¬¾ÓסÔÚɽ¹È»á¸üºÃ£¬ÒòΪÄÇÀï²»»á¸ÉºÔ£¬²»Ò×½á±ù£¬ÇÒÍÁÈÀ·Êºñ¡£
Òªµã¡¡favorable³ýÁË¡°Á¼ºÃµÄ¡±Õâ¸öº¬ÒåÍ⣬»¹¿ÉÒÔ±íʾ¡°Ô޳ɵģ»ÓÐÀûµÄ¡±¡£±ÈÈçÔÚÍи£ÔĶÁÖУ¬»¹³öÏÖ¹ýfavorable¡¡government¡¡policiesµÄ±í´ï¡£
feasible£Û'fi£ºz£¿bl£Ýa¡£¡¡¿ÉÐеģ»¿É×öµÄ
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡When¡¡buildings¡¡provide¡¡shelter£»¡¡suit¡¡the¡¡climate£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡economically¡¡feasible£»¡¡they¡¡contribute¡¡to¡¡human¡¡life¡£¡¡µ±½¨ÖþÎïΪÈËÀàÌṩÁ˱ܷç¸Û£¬ÊÊÓ¦µ±µØÆøºò£¬²¢ÔÚ¾­¼ÃÉÏÒ²ÊÇ¿ÉÐеģ¬ÄÇôÕâЩ½¨Öþ¾ÍÓÐÖúÓÚÈËÀàµÄÉú»î¡£
2¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡feasible¡¡to¡¡build¡¡sea¡¡defenses¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡against¡¡erosion¡£¡¡ÐÞ½¨º£·ÀÀ´±ÜÃâÇÖÊ´ÊDz»¿ÉÐеġ£
Òªµã¡¡feasibleͨ³£ÓÃÓÚÃèÊö¼Æ»®µÄ¿ÉÐÐÐÔ£¬±ÈÈ磺feasible¡¡plan¡°¿ÉÐеļƻ®¡±¡£
feedback£Û'fi£ºdb£¿k£Ýn¡£¡¡·´À¡£»·´À¡ÐÅÏ¢
´îÅä¡¡information¡¡feedback¡¡ÐÅÏ¢·´À¡
Àý¾ä¡¡In¡¡many¡¡areas£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡obsidian¡¡industry¡¡to¡¡religious¡¡tourism£»¡¡somebody's¡¡success¡¡and¡¡prosperity¡¡is¡¡the¡¡classical¡¡positive¡¡feedback¡£¡¡ÔÚºÜ¶àµØÇø£¬´ÓºÚê×ʯ¹¤Òµµ½×Ú½ÌÂÃÓÎÒµ£¬Ò»Ð©È˵ijɹ¦ºÍ·±ÈÙ¾ÍÊǵäÐ͵ÄÕýÃæ·´À¡¡£
fellowship£Û'felou£¿ip£Ýn¡£¡¡ÓÑÒꣻ½±Ñ§½ð£»ÍÅÌå
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡As¡¡production¡¡increased£»¡¡centralized¡¡control¡¡over¡¡production¡¡increased£»¡¡which¡¡led¡¡to¡¡more¡¡centralized¡¡control¡¡over¡¡fellowship¡£¡¡Ëæ×ŲúÁ¿µÄÔö¼Ó£¬¶ÔÉú²úµÄ¼¯ÖпØÖÆÒ²¼ÓÇ¿ÁË£¬´Ó¶øµ¼Ö¶ÔÍÅÌåµÄ¹ÜÀí¸ü¼Ó¼¯ÖС£
2¡£¡¡Small¡­scale¡¡local¡¡egalitarian¡¡or¡¡quasi¡­egalitarian¡¡organizations¡¡for¡¡fellowship£»¡¡worship£»¡¡and¡¡production¡¡flourished¡¡in¡¡this¡¡laissez¡­faire¡¡environment£»¡¡so¡¡individuals¡¡could¡¡interact¡¡with¡¡one¡¡another¡¡within¡¡a¡¡munity¡¡of¡¡harmony¡¡and¡¡ideological¡¡equality¡£¡¡ÔÚ×ÔÓÉ·ÅÈεĻ·¾³Ï£¬ÒòÓÑÒê¡¢³ç°ÝºÍÉú²ú¶øÐγɵĵ±µØÐ¡¹æÄ£Æ½µÈÖ÷ÒåÍÅÌå»òÀàËÆµÄ×éÖ¯µÃµ½ÁË·±ÈÙ·¢Õ¹£¬Òò´ËÈËÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÓëͬһÉçÇøÖÐµÄÆäËû³ÉÔ±ÔÚÒâʶÐÎ̬ÉÏÆ½µÈ¡¢ºÍгµØ»¥¶¯¡£
ͬÒå¡¡friendship£¨n¡£¡¡ÓÑÒ꣩£»scholarship£¨n¡£¡¡½±Ñ§½ð£©
flaw£Ûfl£¿£º£Ýn¡£¡¡è¦´Ã£¬È±µã£»ÁÑÎÆ
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡1920s£»¡¡sound¡¡films¡¡were¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡solve¡¡the¡¡technical¡¡flaws¡¡found¡¡before¡£¡¡ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í20Äê´ú£¬ÓÐÉùµçÓ°²»Äܽâ¾ö֮ǰµÄ¼¼ÊõȱÏÝ¡£
2¡£¡¡Another¡¡flaw¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tiredness¡¡theory¡¡is¡¡that¡¡yawning¡¡does¡¡not¡¡raise¡¡alertness¡¡or¡¡physiological¡¡activity¡£¡¡¹ØÓÚÆ£±¹ÀíÂÛµÄÁíÒ»¸öȱÏݾÍÊÇ´ò¹þÇ·²¢²»ÄÜÌá¸ß¾¯ÌèÐÔ»òÔöÇ¿ÐÄÀí»î¶¯Ç¿¶È¡£
flee£Ûfli£º£Ýv¡££¨ÓÈÖ¸Óöµ½Î£Ïյȣ©ÌÓÀ룬ÌÓÅÜ
Àý¾ä¡¡Because¡¡of¡¡a¡¡movement¡¡of¡¡peoples'¡¡fleeing¡¡the¡¡desiccation¡¡or¡¡drying¡¡up¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sahara£»¡¡their¡¡migration¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡started¡¡by¡¡an¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡population¡£¡¡ÎªÁ˰ÚÍÑÈö¹þÀ­É³Ä®µÄ¸ÉÔï»ò¸ÉºÔ£¬´óÁ¿È˿ڿªÊ¼Ç¨ÒÆ¡£
flexible£Û'fleks£¿bl£Ýa¡£¡¡Ò×ÍäÇúµÄ£»ÈáÈ͵ģ»Áé»îµÄ£¬¿É±äͨµÄ
Àý¾ä¡¡James¡¡Watt¡¡changed¡¡an¡¡inefficient¡¡steam¡¡pump¡¡into¡¡a¡¡fast£»¡¡flexible¡¡and¡¡fuel¡­efficient¡¡engine¡£¡¡Õ²Ä·Ë¹¡¤ÍßÌØ°ÑÒ»¸öµÍЧµÄÕôÆû±Ãת±ä³ÉÒ»²¿¿ìËÙ¡¢ÁéÃô¡¢È¼ÉÕ¸ßЧµÄ·¢¶¯»ú¡£
ͬÒå¡¡pliable£¨a¡£¡¡Ò×ÍäÇúµÄ£»ÈáÈ͵ģ©£»elastic£¨a¡£¡¡Áé»îµÄ£©
Òªµã¡¡¿¼ÉúҪעÒ⣬flexible»¹ÓС°¿É±äͨµÄ¡±Òâ˼£¬±ÈÈça¡¡flexible¡¡schedule¡°Áé»îµÄÈÕ³Ì±í¡±¡£
fluke£Ûflu£ºk£Ýn¡£¡¡½ÄÐÒ£»ÒâÍâµÄ´ìÕÛ£»Î²Æ¬
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡Although¡¡it¡¡had¡¡no¡¡fluke£»¡¡its¡¡backbone¡¡structure¡¡showed¡¡that¡¡it¡¡swam¡¡like¡¡modern¡¡whales¡£¡¡¾¡¹ÜËüûÓÐβƬ£¬µ«ÓÉÆä¼¹×µ½á¹¹¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öËüÄÜÏñÏÖ´ú¾¨ÓãÄÇÑùÔÚË®ÖÐÓζ¯¡£
2¡£¡¡The¡¡whale¡¡retained¡¡a¡¡tail¡¡and¡¡lacked¡¡a¡¡fluke¡¡which¡¡was¡¡the¡¡major¡¡means¡¡of¡¡lootion¡¡in¡¡modern¡¡cetaceans¡£¡¡¾¨ÓÐβ°ÍȴûÓÐβƬ£¬¶øÎ²Æ¬ÊÇÏÖ´ú¾¨Ä¿¶¯ÎïÒÆ¶¯µÄÖ÷Òª¹¤¾ß¡£
generic£Û£¿£¿'nerik£Ýa¡£¡¡ÖÖÀàµÄ£¬ÀàÊôµÄ£»Ò»°ãµÄ
Àý¾ä¡¡Even¡¡though¡¡the¡¡appearances¡¡of¡¡formal¡¡and¡¡generic¡¡statues¡¡are¡¡different£»¡¡they¡¡share¡¡the¡¡same¡¡function¡£¡¡¾¡¹ÜÕýʽµÄµñÏñºÍÒ»°ãµñÏñµÄÍâ±í²»Ò»Ñù£¬µ«ËüÃÇÓµÓÐͬÑùµÄ¹¦ÄÜ¡£
ͬÒå¡¡mon£¨a¡£¡¡Ò»°ãµÄ£©
grandiose£Û'gr£¿ndious£Ýa¡£¡¡ºêΰµÄ£»¿ä´óµÄ
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡Faced¡¡with¡¡uping¡¡water¡¡supply¡¡crisis£»¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡grandiose¡¡schemes¡¡have¡¡been¡¡developed¡¡to¡¡transport¡¡vast¡¡quantities¡¡of¡¡water¡¡by¡¡canal¡¡or¡¡pipeline¡¡from¡¡other¡¡rivers¡£¡¡ÃæÁÙ¼´½«À´ÁÙµÄˮԴΣ»ú£¬ÒѾ­ÓÐһϵÁÐͨ¹ýÔ˺ӻò¹ÜµÀµ÷ÓÃÆäËûµØÇøµÄ´óÁ¿Ë®Ô´µÄºêΰ¼Æ»®¡£
2¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡reasonably¡¡well¡¡governed£»¡¡without¡¡notable¡¡corruption¡¡or¡¡grandiose¡¡state¡¡projects£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡government¡¡gave¡¡some¡¡aid¡¡to¡¡railways£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡Sweden¡¡the¡¡state¡¡built¡¡the¡¡main¡¡lines¡£¡¡ËûÃÇʵʩºÏÀíµÄ¹ÜÀí£¬Ã»ÓÐÃ÷ÏԵĸ¯°ÜÇé¿ö»òÊǺêΰµÄÕþ¸®ÏîÄ¿£¬±ÈÈçÕþ¸®Ô®ÖúÌú·µÄ½¨É裬ÒÔ¼°ÈðµäÕþ¸®´òÔìÖ÷¸ÉÏߵȡ£
Òªµã¡¡grandiose³£ÓÃÀ´ÐÎÈݼƻ®¹¤³ÌµÄºêΰ׳¹Û£¬ÀýÈ磺grandiose¡¡state¡¡projects¡°ºê´óµÄÕþ¸®¹¤³ÌÏîÄ¿¡±£¬Ò²¿ÉÓÃmassive£»¡¡majesticµÈ´ÊÀ´±í´ïÏàͬµÄÒâ˼¡£
guarantee£Û£¿g£¿r£¿n'ti£º£Ýv¡£¡¡±£Ö¤£»µ£±£¡¡n¡£¡¡±£Ö¤Êé
Àý¾ä¡¡Mathematical¡¡models¡¡of¡¡ecosystems¡¡suggest¡¡that¡¡diversity¡¡does¡¡not¡¡guarantee¡¡ecosystem¡¡stability£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡fact¡¡it¡¡shows¡¡just¡¡the¡¡opposite¡£¡¡Éú̬ϵͳµÄÊýѧģÐͰµÊ¾Á˶àÑùÐÔ²»Äܱ£Ö¤Éú̬µÄÎȶ¨ÐÔ£¬µ«ÊÂʵÕýºÃÏà·´¡£
ͬÒå¡¡pledge£¨v¡£¡¡±£Ö¤£©£»assure£¨v¡£¡¡µ£±££©
Òªµã¡¡×÷Õßͨ³£ÓÃguaranteeÕâ¸ö´ÊÀ´±íʾijÖÖÈ·¶¨µÄÊÂÎï¡£±ÈÈ磺Absolutely¡¡guarantee¡¡it¡£¡°ÍêÈ«±£Ö¤ÕâÒ»µã¡£¡±
guild£Ûgild£Ýn¡£¡¡ÐлᣬЭ»á
Àý¾ä¡¡1¡£¡¡The¡¡further¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡independent¡¡guilds¡¡shows¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡surplus¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡domestic¡¡craft¡¡production¡¡but¡¡resulted¡¡primarily¡¡from¡¡international¡¡trade¡£¡¡¶ÀÁ¢Ð­»áµÄ·¢Õ¹±íÃ÷˳²î²¢·ÇÊǹúÄÚÊÖ¹¤ÒÕ²úÆ·ÒýÆðµÄ£¬¶øÖ÷ÒªÊÇÔ´ÓÚ¹ú¼ÊóÒס£
2¡£¡¡In¡¡these¡¡shops£»¡¡different¡¡ranks¡¡of¡¡artisans¡¡and¡¡masters¡¡were¡¡blurred¡¡and¡¡they¡¡worked¡¡together¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡establis
·µ»ØÄ¿Â¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂܰÌáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæÐ´Ô­´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøÅ¶£¡